Informative Essay on Sir Alex Ferguson, manager of...

Sir Alex Ferguson has won more trophies than any other manager in the history of English football and been in charge of Manchester United for over 1000 matches (Alex Ferguson, n.d., para. 1). Sir Alex Ferguson is a successful football manager for four reasons: his ambition, the way he builds relationships with his players, his effective building up of the Manchester United squad and his foresight. The top reason for Sir Alex Fergusons successful managerial career has to be his ambition. A man with an almost obsessive desire to win, Ferguson does not take defeat lightly to the point of becoming unapproachable after a bad game for Manchester United (Ridley, 1996, p. 27). After a defeat, Ferguson will analyse the match to find out exactly†¦show more content†¦45). Ferguson also defended Wayne Rooney after he was accused of striking Boltons Tal Ben Haim in December 2004, claiming that the Bolton player was at fault, and not Rooney. (Man U boss defends Rooney over slapping, 2004, para. 1). The third reason for Sir Alex Fergusons success is his effective building up of the Manchester United squad. He does it in three main ways. Firstly, he does the usual buying and selling on the transfer market. Sir Alex is a shrewd buyer and this is shown in his purchases - Peter Schmeichel cost only  £505,000 but he became of immense value to the club (Ferguson McIlvaney, 1999, p. 307). Ferguson only spends on expensive players when the need is there, for example, the purchase of Ruud Van Nistelrooy from PSV Eindhoven for  £18.5 million to strengthen the squad with the intention to win back the European Cup (Hildred Ewbank, 2002, p. 326). The second way in which Ferguson builds up the squad is to invest in youth players. Right from the start, he was committed to the creation of a youth policy that would be the envy of every other club in Britain (Ferguson McIlvanney, 1999, p. 274). Young players who excel are given chances to break through to the first team squad, for example Giuseppe Rossi who was given the chance to play in Manchester Uniteds Asia Tour 2005 and scored two goals (Brewin, 2005, para. 6). The third way in which

Stride Gum Free Essays

Is It Ridiculously Long Lasting? In the recent Stride commercial, Shaun White endorses their new Whitemint flavored gum. The advertisement’s main purpose is to promote the gum by creating an ironic situation that grasps the audience’s attention with a humorous tone. Without stressing the product so heavily, they provide a less demanding approach for the audience to buy their product. We will write a custom essay sample on Stride Gum or any similar topic only for you Order Now The advertisement promotes the gum as ridiculously long lasting. Although, throughout the commercial, the marketer’s debate over solutions for the consumers to chew another piece. By the end of the commercial they come up with the solution for consumers to either â€Å"Spit it out. or Yeti will find you. † Stride Gum Inc. uses irony, social appeals, and tropes to lure the audience. The ironic situation in the Stride Gum commercial is how it is an advertisement within an advertisement. Obviously an advertisement’s purpose is to promote a specific product. But in this advertisement, it shows the marketing professionals for Stride Gum deciding on ways to promote their product. It is ironic to see a commercial that is about their company making their commercial. Another ironic appeal is Stride Gum’s use of a yeti. At the end of the commercial, Shaun White comes up with an idea to get the consumers to chew another piece and quickly gets on his phone. Suddenly, a giant yeti comes barging in the meeting room and punches the head-marketing executive in the gut, forcing his gum to shoot out of his mouth. The audience clearly knows a yeti would never come force their gum out by punching them in the stomach, let alone even encountering a yeti. This sets a humorous tone for the audience to relate to which increases their interest for the product. Another tool Stride Gum incorporates is their usage of a social appeal. In their commercial, Stride features Olympic gold medalist Shaun White. Just this year Shaun White was named the second most powerful athlete behind Peyton Manning. Not only is White a tremendous snowboarder and skateboarder, he has become a celebrity and role model for the youth culture. Stride purposely uses Shaun White to target the youth audience because of his friendly face, personality, athletic ability, and popularity. Once the youth audience sees him on TV, they instantly feel a connection that the older generation cannot relate to. Being a popular hit for sports and role modeling for the fans, White makes Stride Gum a sure way to instant marketability. Lastly, Stride Gum uses the appeal through tropes to capture the audience. The first trope used for the Whitemint flavored gum commercial is, â€Å"The ridiculously long lasting gum. † When they first advertise this gum as long lasting, Stride’s main purpose is to suede the audience in believing their gum lasts longer than other competing products. But throughout the commercial the main concern for the marketers changes into getting the consumer to chew another piece. The change is ironic to see because at the beginning Stride really wants the audience to believe their gum is ridiculously long lasting. But by the end of the commercial, they act like the viewers have already believed their long lasting flavor proposal. This then puts the stress on the idea that the marketers are trying to find a way to get the consumers to stop chewing it and get another piece. By using these two different tropes, it represents Stride as being confident that their gum is long lasting, and its so long lasting they have to find a way for people to spit it out and chew another piece. By the end of the commercial the slogans change from â€Å"the ridiculously long lasting gum† to â€Å"spit it out, or Yeti will find you. † Stride purposely changes the tropes because they want the audience to believe that the Stride marketers have perfected long lasting gum. They now want the viewers to believe their Whitemint gum is so long lasting that they are facing the issue of getting the consumers to chew another piece. With the use of transforming tropes, social, and ironic appeals, Stride Gum Inc. attracts the audience’s interest and attention. Shaun White and the yeti implement a humorous tone that coincides with the ironic situation that appeals to the youth culture. Also, switching up the tropes sways the viewers to fully believe Stride Gum’s advertisement due to the confidence displayed by Stride in the commercial. By applying multiple appeals into their commercial, Stride Whitemint flavored gum is advertised effectively to sway the younger generation’s interest to consume their product. How to cite Stride Gum, Essay examples

Bible; Propaganda Essay Example For Students

Bible; Propaganda Essay The bible is quite possibly a recollection of historical facts mixed in with false history and used for religious propaganda. First of all, back In Jesus day, the churches had a larger influence over the people than the Government did. I believe that the church produced the 10 Commandments, beatitudes, and its lessons for many purposes, including the significant one of stability within society, like laws do today. In other words, the Commandments were the law back then. One of the 10 Commandments states that you must believe in God. In Revelations, it says that if you die believing in God, you will resurrect upon the new earth, where there is peace and harmony. There is supposedly a new earth because the first will have ended. The Revelation also proclaims that if you die and do not believe in God, there is no hope for you and you will be cast upon the lake of fire. Does this not sound like this was written to motivate people to believe? I assume that the majority of people that believe in God do for the reason in which I call the comfort factor. Its comforting to think that there is life after death. Some people would give up on life if they were not told/taught that there is a better, more fulfilling life awaiting us all after this one (I believe that this is also why the church says that it is a sin to commit suicide). The only catch is that you must follow the rules of the bible and church and you must believe in God. If growing up you learned what I had just enlightened you on, you would have most likely immediately believed in God, especially with the encouragement of your very own family. Seriously, if you are told that you will suffer for doubting God, do you think that you would be very hesitant to consider Gods existence? Of course not. This whole life after death obsession is a well-thought-out scheme to assist in giving people the ultimatum of following the rules of the church or burning in the lake of fire for eternity. When you are young and naive, this seems like a simple choice. Wouldnt you agree? Now the pieces are beginning to fit the puzzle. The churches may have interpreted that the people would fall for this hoax, but they knew that the people would be somewhat hesitant. This is where the whole explanation about the purpose of how this lifetime is to prepare for the next comes in. Being able to pull off convincing so many people to follow the Catholic religion and the Holy Bible goes to show that the churches must have consisted of some bright and persuasive people. In other words, the leaders of the catholic churches and religious organizations (in my mind) were nothing but a bunch of propagandists. It must have also come to their attention that they would need reasons to moralize each preaching. By having morals and reasons for everything they preached, the church gained the peoples trust and faith. So by having people in this trance, so to speak, where they would be more reluctant to break the rules of the church because they want to get into heaven, the church was successful in maintaining or even increasing stability (lets say) within society. Very clever isnt it!? My additional proposals are: How can there be several religions with diverse gods and rituals in the world? They are mostly just opinions or structured systems, which keep society in order, like a government. Lets say that there is a God and that he is truly as forgiving as proposed to be. If I died an atheist, would he not understand my train of thought and empathize for my disbelief? Think about it! Im not saying that we should not have religion or faith because religion is what gives us a sense of something to live for among other things. .ub9ff60dfd15f5cb58390ca9739292c1d , .ub9ff60dfd15f5cb58390ca9739292c1d .postImageUrl , .ub9ff60dfd15f5cb58390ca9739292c1d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub9ff60dfd15f5cb58390ca9739292c1d , .ub9ff60dfd15f5cb58390ca9739292c1d:hover , .ub9ff60dfd15f5cb58390ca9739292c1d:visited , .ub9ff60dfd15f5cb58390ca9739292c1d:active { border:0!important; } .ub9ff60dfd15f5cb58390ca9739292c1d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub9ff60dfd15f5cb58390ca9739292c1d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub9ff60dfd15f5cb58390ca9739292c1d:active , .ub9ff60dfd15f5cb58390ca9739292c1d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub9ff60dfd15f5cb58390ca9739292c1d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub9ff60dfd15f5cb58390ca9739292c1d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub9ff60dfd15f5cb58390ca9739292c1d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub9ff60dfd15f5cb58390ca9739292c1d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub9ff60dfd15f5cb58390ca9739292c1d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub9ff60dfd15f5cb58390ca9739292c1d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub9ff60dfd15f5cb58390ca9739292c1d .ub9ff60dfd15f5cb58390ca9739292c1d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub9ff60dfd15f5cb58390ca9739292c1d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: An Interview About the Fall of Communism Essay Without it, humanity could easily become corrupt. So if you believe in God, then good for you! The only problem is that you are being hidden from what may not be the truth or what may not be the entire story. Religion; Oxymoron.. .Religion is a red herring used to maintain stability within society! Therefore, it is both good and bad. One of my own quotes Im not here to alter your beliefs or convert anyone to atheism, but just to share my thoughts and opinions. I SCRAMBLED THIS WORK TOGETHER ABOUT 2 YEARS AGO AND JUST FIXED UP SOME OF THE VOCABULARY. ..I HAVE NOT HAD TIME TO DO MORE RESEARCH AND ADD TO IT, OR PUT IT INTO PROPER ESSAY FORMAT. I APOLOGIZE FOR THIS, SO PLEASE JUST LEAVE YOUR THOUGHTS AND DO NOT BOTHER CRITICIZING THE FORMAT. THANK YOU.

International Law Essays (30173 words) - , Term Papers

International Law ILP WP 05/01 PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW ON THE USE OF FORCE BY STATES IN SELF- DEFENCE This publication contains: I Principles of International Law on Self-Defence II The list of participants III The responses to the Questionnaire Elizabeth Wilmshurst October 2005 Introduction The purpose of this study is to provide a clear statement of the rules of international law governing the use of force by states in self-defence. The rules are being challenged in the light of what are seen as new threats from terrorism and from the possession of weapons of mass destruction, and there has been controversy as to whether they need revision or redefinition. The study was prompted by various statements and actions by states, recent developments in the United Nations and by decisions of the International Court of Justice. In the resolution incorporating the Outcome of the World Summit in September 2005 the UN General Assembly affirmed that the relevant provisions of the UN Charter are sufficient to address the full range of threats to international peace and security, and has reaffirmed the authority of the Security Council to mandate coercive action to maintain and restore peace and security. But the resolution did not deal with the question as to when it is lawful for a state to use force in the exercise of its inherent right of self-defence. This study was undertaken because we believe that, in the light of current challenges, it is of importance to world order that there be clarity and understanding about the relevance and application of international law to the use of force by states. A questionnaire was sent to a small group of international law academics and practitioners and international relations scholars in this country, asking for their views on the criteria for the use of force in self- defence. At a meeting at Chatham House the participants discussed a paper which had been drawn up on the basis of the responses to the questionnaire. Following that meeting a set of Principles was prepared by the International Law Programme at Chatham House. They are put forward here with the intention of contributing to discussion and comment. Readers are encouraged to communicate any views and reactions. Depending upon the outcome of this stage of the study, further meetings may be held and the Principles further refined. While the Principles are intended to give a clear representation of the current principles and rules of international law, the law in this area is politically and legally contentious, and the interpretation of the Principles and their application to particular cases will rarely be without difficulty. The Principles do not necessarily represent the views of all the participants in the study. Comments are invited on the Principles. Any comments should be addressed to Iwona Newton at Chatham House ([emailprotected]). Participants Sir Franklin Berman QC is a barrister at Essex Court Chambers and Visiting Professor of International Law at the Universities of Oxford and Cape Town; formerly Legal Adviser at the Foreign & Commonwealth Office. Daniel Bethlehem QC is Director of the Lauterpacht Centre for International Law at the University of Cambridge, and barrister at 20 Essex Street, London. James Gow is Professor of International Peace and Security, and Co-Director of the International Peace and Security Programme, King's College London. Christopher Greenwood QC is Professor of International Law at the London School of Economics and Political Science, and a barrister at Essex Court Chambers. Vaughan Lowe holds the chair of Chichele Professor of Public International Law, is a Fellow of All Souls College, University of Oxford, and a barrister at Essex Court Chambers. Sir Adam Roberts holds the chair of Montague Burton Professor of International Relations and Fellow of Balliol College, University of Oxford. Philippe Sands QC is Professor of Law and Director of the Centre of International Courts and Tribunals at University College London, and is a barrister at Matrix Chambers. Malcolm Shaw QC is Sir Robert Jennings Professor of International Law at the University of Leicester, and is a barrister at Essex Court Chambers. Gerry Simpson is a Reader in the Department of Law at the London School of Economics and Political Science. Colin Warbrick is Professor of Law at the University of Durham. Nicholas Wheeler is Professor in the Department of International Politics at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth. Elizabeth Wilmshurst is senior fellow, international law, at Chatham House. Sir Michael Wood is the Legal Adviser at the Foreign & Commonwealth Office. PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW ON SELF-DEFENCE The Charter of the United Nations prohibits the use of force against another state except where the Security Council has authorised the use of force to maintain or restore international

Felony Animal Cruelty Law essays

Felony Animal Cruelty Law essays Felony Animal Cruelty Law Animals everywhere are abused and sometimes killed by their owners and before Busters Law there wasnt much law enforcement officials could do about it, these animals can not fight for themselves or hire a lawyer to defend them in a court of law. Usually these animal abusers have either a history of violent behavior or are on their way to a violent criminal lifestyle towards humans. Animal abuse is often considered a gateway crime to more serious violent acts committed against humans. When a fly or other small insect lands on me in the summertime, I swat it away and sometimes kill it in its tracks, this isnt the type of abuse Busters Law deals with, Busters law deals with the intentional killing or serious injury of household pets. This law makes any crimes like this a felony, in hopes of protecting household pets from these violent individuals. When an 18 month old tabby cat was doused with kerosene and burned to death by a Schenectady teenager in 1997 it brought up major discussions about what should be done in these types of cases dealing with animal cruelty. Busters Law was named after this cat, Busters Law is also known as the Felony Animal Cruelty Law, this felony if brought on a person is punishable by up to two years in prison and a $5,000 fine. Before this Law was put into action the punishment for such an act was a misdemeanor conviction and a maximum penalty of one year in jail and a $1,000 fine. Governor George Pataki passed this specific law in June of1999. He signed this law live on a popular news segment of Channel 13 News WTEN, called Pet Connection. During the segment he informed viewers that this law would go into effect November 1st 1999. Pets are thought of as a member of the family to many US families, this is why this law needs to be respected. With so many people caring so much about their pets something n...

Microsoft Word How to Indent Text in a Document

Microsoft Word How to Indent Text in a Document Microsoft Word: How to Indent Text in a Document Formatting text in MS Word is both pleasingly simple and annoyingly complicated. Take text indentation, for example. The basics are very easy to grasp. But there are many extra options that you may miss if you’re not already a confident Microsoft Word user. To help out, then, we’ve prepared this complete guide on how to indent text in a document. The Tab Key One simple way to indent text is to place the cursor at the start of a paragraph and hit the tab key on your keyboard. In Microsoft Word, this adds a 0.5† (1.27cm) indent at the left margin. It also automatically formats the text so that subsequent paragraphs have a first-line indent. If all you want to do is begin each paragraph with a half-inch indent, this is fine. But for more control over text indentation in your document, read on. How to Indent Text You can find the basic indentation options in Microsoft Word on the main ribbon. This includes the Paragraph section of the Home tab, where you will find Increase Indent and Decrease Indent buttons. Indentation options. The Increase Indent button adds a 0.5† (1.27cm) indent at the left margin for the entire paragraph (not just the first line). The Decrease Indent button, meanwhile, does the exact opposite. Alternatively, go to Layout Paragraph on the ribbon and adjust the values in the left and right indent boxes as required. This has the added bonus of letting you indent text by a custom amount. Custom indentation. Special Indentations For even more control over the indentation in your document, you can open the main Paragraph menu. This can be accessed by going to Home Paragraph, clicking the Line and Paragraph Spacing button, and then selecting Line Spacing Options†¦ from the dropdown menu. Accessing the Paragraph menu. In the new window, you will find an Indentation section. The left and right indent options here work the same as in the Layout tab on the ribbon. Special indents. The other settings here can be used to add special indentations to your document. These include: First line – This option indents the first line of each paragraph to a custom value. Typically, this type of indent would be used as an alternative to paragraph spacing. Hanging – This will indent each line after the first in a paragraph. The most common use for this is to add a hanging indent in a reference list (e.g., as required in APA referencing). Mirror indents – Clicking this will change the left and right indent options to say Inside and Outside This will mean that indents are â€Å"mirrored† on odd and even pages, which helps ensure consistent formatting when printing something in a book format. To use any of these options, simply select the text you want to format with the cursor, open the paragraph menu, choose the type and size of indent you want to apply, and click OK to change the indentation for the selected text.

Descriptive questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Descriptive questions - Assignment Example Business Operations: Worldwide business operations are handled with the help of technology. IT has played a big role in managing backhand support; the LAN, WAN systems, and connectivity through websites is supported by IT teams in organizations. Management Information Systems (MIS), a system that is used by companies in order to manage their operations, deal with customers and store data is due to advancements in technology. The latest trends include storing the data on virtual cloud, and being able to retrieve and present with the help of DropBox, Skydrive etc., is a great development into IT industry (Slatman, 2013). Food Processes: In food industry, where technology has changed many ways of business operations, both input and output side. For input side, order procurement is an area where with the use of JIT (Just in Time) inventory systems, the storage costs are minimized. Moreover, with the use of bar codes, effective inventory management gives a change to businesses to analyse which items are slow movers and what are fast movers and how effective marketing must be used to create pull factors for such items. At processing stage, machines are being used to monitor the temperature, humidity and other factors. Use of automated machines is increased in order to increase efficiency and decrease the service time. McDonalds, a well-known food chain used a prototype of robots to handle the processes of fries and shakes (Pantelidis, 2009). Sociocultural Forces in IT: Information technology has largely impacted on sociocultural factors. With the use of internet and latest technologies, people share a set of different values: Cultural and Ethnic Identity: with regards to Information Technology, the previous cultural identity of people, that is they are recognized and affiliated with a particular cultural norms and values, seems to vanish. With increasingly virtual world, people seem to own and present their own individual identities. The trend is widespread in West, though the East is in process of adopting it and the pace is quick. With increasing number of internet users, mostly due to the growth in Asia and Middle East, the cultural identity is taking new shape. A mix of cultural and personal identities, the ethnic aspect is equally affected due to change in technology. It is evident in real world the size and pace of immigration taking place. However due to technology, in virtual world, the ethnic identity is obscured by factors such as individualism, personality, self-concept and the like. Question 2 (a) Direct Marketing, one of the oldest form of marketing has been used in different ways. Direct mail, email, promotional material in shape of broachers, leaflets, billboards as well as advertisement on TV are few forms where consumers are tried to inform, persuade and remind about the presence of a product or a service. Many a times it is surprising to see how purely website businesses use TV as a promotional media as opposed to online media (where the consumers are just a click away from website businesses). The presence of such strategy is an example that consumers are complex, hard to comprehend and many a times irrational. Therefore they must not be treated by simple forms of selling, rather with a well-thought strategy with

Human Organ Supply and Its Relation to the Social Stratification Research Paper

Human Organ Supply and Its Relation to the Social Stratification Theory - Research Paper Example Those who benefit are the rich who can afford to pay for the surgery and the cost of human organs. On the other hand, although some transplants were out of the donation coming from willing donors or were as a result of accidents which allow for the recovery of human organs from an accident victim to be transferred, there have been reports wherein the poor became the victims of this â€Å"transaction†. This is linked to the Social Stratification Theory. Those who have little in life become the victims, while those who are in the upper class or society look towards the poor for their source of human organs. How Sociologists Have Recognized Social Stratification People are identified, classified, perceived, and understood in a way that society has given corresponding positions for individuals, races, organizations or communities. The moment a person’s status in society is known, he or she is treated with actions or reactions that are known to be fit for the person. Accordi ng to Davis and Moore; Novick and Cullen Social stratification is a set of verifiable, interrelated thoughts, understanding, and behaviour among people whereby members of society consider positions or status and identify themselves in one of those categories. Davis and Moore were described by Novick, S. and Cullen, J. (1979, p. 1424) to have considered the differences as necessary for critical reasons. They proposed that inequality characterizes the groups or class wherein each person belongs or identifies him to be a part of. Furthermore, they believe that the maintenance of functions and positions is necessary in order to have stability. From the point of view of Davis, Kingsley and Moore, Wilbert (1970) difficult jobs must necessarily receive higher incentives in terms of higher compensation. The inequality is based on the fact that every individual has a different set of talents. Some talents are more valuable other talents, just as some functions have greater value in society t han the other functions. Because of scarcity and difference in value of some talents, rewards or compensation to acquire the people with valuable talents are greater while other talents are offered smaller rewards. According to Joseph Turek The book edited by Joseph Turek was entitled â€Å"Income Inequality and Social Stratification†. It gathered insights from various sectors (socio-economic, political, sociology, and philosophy) to clarify the variety of human differences which result in social stratification. As a result of differences in a person’s status in society, there is also a disparity in the income or compensation which leads to the formation of rich and poor. According to Wendy Bottero The book entitled â€Å"Stratification: Social Division & Inequality† is about â€Å"Who gets what.† It also describes the fact that the present time inequality gives some people better choices in life. â€Å"Money, power, or influence give those who possess t hem greater control over the external forces which affect us all, and open doors which might otherwise be closed.† (Bottero 2005, p. 3). The Demand & Critical Importance of Human Organ Donation A. Gap Between Supply and Demand The Economist (2008) reported that 7,000 Americans died due to absence of organs needed by patients. Out of 10 people who needed a kidney transplant, only one found a replacement kidney. There was a projected growth in the number of people who have to undergo dialysis and replacement of kidneys. 500,000 Americans in 2010 needed the transplant. In the UK, Nadey Hakim, an Ex-President of the International College of Surgeons, believed there was no other option for organ transplants because without it, the patient will die early although they can live longer if a replacement is made available for transplant. Kidneys are the most in

Causes for the french revolution Essay Example for Free

Causes for the french revolution Essay There were many causes for the French Revolution, which started in 1789. However there were three main causes that affected the decision to have a revolution the most which were the weak economy, a bad harvest, and King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette. These were the main reasons that lead to the French Revolution because these events were the ones that affected France the most during 1789. The weak economy was one of the causes of the French Revolution because at that time France was in debt. France was in debt due to helping the colonist become independent from Britain in the American Revolution. For example, in The French Revolution Begins reading it states â€Å"And he borrowed heavily in order to help the American revolutionaries in their war against Great Britain, France’s chief rival. † This is one of the reasons that started the French Revolution because due to being in debt King Louis XVI’s solution was to raise the taxes on the nobles. This was surprised the 2nd estate which consist of the nobles because they paid the least taxes of the 3 estates. Due to this action the 2nd estate called a meeting called the Estates General. In these types of meetings each estate would usually only get one vote but due to the fact that it would be unfair to the 3rd estate. So for this reason every person who was at the Estates General would be granted a vote. The Estates General was to basically approve the new tax. This meeting then caused the National Assembly, which was what the third estate was now called. The third estate pledged a tennis court oath that stated that they wouldn’t leave until a new constitution was made. They drafted a new constitution, which now made France a constitutional monarchy. In conclusion, this is how being in depth was one of the reasons that started the French Revolution. Another cause for the French revolution was the bad harvest in the 1780’s. This was one of the causes for the French revolution because people could grow their food or grain, which is the ingredient to make bread. â€Å"The price of bread doubled in 1789, and many people faced starvation† (French Revolution Begins). In my opinion, I believe that this is one of the reasons to start the revolution because the people back then were poor. They were poor due to the reason that most of their money went to taxes so, if their money went to taxes and they barley had enough to pay for how much the bread used to be hoe are they expected to pay for bread when the price is doubled. I also believe that this is inequitable due to the fact that it isn’t their fault that there was bad weather I believe that the king was just trying to get money. Doubling the bread price made people not have enough money and many people died because of starvation. In conclusion, this is how a bad harvest was another one of the major causes to the French Revolution. The last main cause to the French Revolution had to do with King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette. This I believe was the main reason for the French Revolution because the king and his wife were spending money on unnecessary things. For example â€Å"†¦she spent so much money on gowns, jewels, gambling, and gifts†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (The French Revolution Begins). Based on this evidence we could see how the money was being misused and how the queen didn’t even care about the situation happening with the people. Another example showing how Antoinette was a bad queen was â€Å"One year she lost the equivalent of $1. 5 million gambling in card games† (The French Revolution Begins). This example shows us how the queen spent money and when it came to help people put they were in depth. An example of how King Louis XVI was being a bad king was â€Å"However he lacked the ability to make decisions† (The French Revolution). In my opinion I believe that this is how King Louis XVI was a cause to the French Revolution because this quote shows how he did not know what was right for the people and did not know how to deal with all of the things that were going on in France like people wanting a revolution. This was a good thing for France because they saw that the King could not make any good decisions so they saw that it was a good idea to overthrow the monarchy and become a limited monarchy. In conclusion there were many things that lead to the French Revolution but only 3 things were the main causes. The 3 main causes were the fact that the French were in depth due to the American Revolution. The fact that there was a bad harvest in the 1780’s. Lastly the fact that King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette were spending money in a useless way and that they were making bad decisions.

Creating Text Essay -- Writing Technology Technological Papers

Creating Text The process of creating â€Å"text† without using technology appeared to be a simple task that would allow the students to be a creator of his or her unique technology free masterpiece. I just had to come up with a creative, natural way to write text instead of using modern technologies that society takes for granted. How hard and restrictive could this assignment be? I soon found out everything would not go exactly as planned. It took me two attempts and failures before I finally achieved some level of success. My first idea came to me while I was getting ready one morning. Why not use hair to create text! It is a natural part of the human body that is constantly growing, natural and indispensable. I could have taken hair, looped and knotted several clumps together to make letters and then placed those letters to spell out text on any surface. The hair would be portable but undoing the formed letters to create newly formed letters would have been time consuming and difficult. I have several friends who cut hair for a living and I could have easily had them give me hair they cut from their customers. I also attempted to ask my sister for her hair; she has dread locks which would have been easier to work with since they are so thick but she didn’t want to part with them for a homework assignment. The more I thought about this idea the more I realized how time consuming and unrealistic it would be. Using hair would be a creative way to develop text but I would need m ass quantities and lots of patience. My second idea came to me when I took a trip to the grocery store. I went to the produce section and circled around the stands looking for some piece of fruit or vegetable that ... ...gh the writing process can be revised, edited, and visually reviewed where speech is spur of the moment and final. Traditionalists often resisted writing and viewed the process as unnatural and untrustworthy (Dennis Baron 39). However, speech seems to demand more trust because the individual is exposing themselves to their audience which subjects them to high levels of criticism. Overall, this project has exposed the mechanics and technology involved in the writing process. Up until this point I put little thought or recognition into the process I use so widely on a regular basis. After the amount of time, energy, and thought that went in to my attempt to create â€Å"natural† writing mechanics and tools the frustration isn’t worth what seems to be a small victory. In the end the process of trying to think of something natural to create is unnatural.

Four characteristics of Biomedical model Essay

1) biologistic – reduces illness to natural to natural biological processes – seeks out a single, clearly identifiable pathogen – loses sight of the social context of the disease 2) mechanistic – insists on a conceptual separation of body and mind – conceives of the body as a machine made up of interrelated parts – disease is attributed to malfunctioning part that requires fixing – loses sight of the whole subject 3) scientistic – regards the scientific method as providing the only means by which to access valid knowledge. – seeks to identify strict scientific principles or laws and hones in what can be directly observed and measured – loses sight of the meanings and feeling associated with the experience of disease 4) emphasis – seeks to care rather than prevent disease, and is therefore largely reactive in nature Five characteristics of Individualist Health Promotion (IHP) 1) is located at the conservative end of public health continuum – that is, it does not require or advocate significant structural change in society 2) focuses on behavioural patterns and lifestyle factors in order to explain the origins of ill health – that is, it looks upstream form biology, regarding diseases as the end product of the way in which people to lead their lives. Ultimately, it is consistent with a psychological orientation 3) aims to educate individuals about the risk factors associated with particular lifestyle choices; with a view to promoting healthy behavioural changes (eg. the ‘smoking kills’ campaign 4) encourage individuals to take responsibility for their health, that is , they are expected to take on board the information provided by health experts, and to use this to monitor numerous lifestyle factors, including diet, alcohol consumption, smoking habits, exercise participation, stress level etc. this process involves ‘internalising the gaze’ of a range of health expert, and it renders more and more area of life ‘relevant’ to one’s health status 5) has a proactive preventative ( is opposed to reactive curative emphasis, whereby it seeks to prevent diseases from occurring by positively influencing health – related behaviours Social Medicine – The ‘radical’ end of the public health continuum – focuses on life chances and social structure – advocates the structural transformation of society – preventative emphasis 1) not only is health influenced by behavioural and lifestyle factors that exist ‘upstream’ from biology, it is also profoundly shaped y board social processes that occur even further ‘upstream’ , and which serve to structure behavioural and lifestyle ‘choices’ in the first place. 2) there is a clear social gradient in the distribution of most diseases , that is, as a general rule, the higher the location in the social hierarchy, the lower the incidence of disease, and vice versa 3) with heart disease, the standard biological predictors (cholesterol levels, blood pressure) and behavioural predictors (smoking, poor diet) account for only one-quarter to one-third of the identifiable social gradient. 4) To adequately explain the social gradient of disease, one must take into account the fundamental, although often subtle, social determinants of ill health. 5) It is not only absolute poverty that causes ill health, but also: – relative inequality (or one’s place in the social hierarch) – the amount of power and control one exercise; at work, and in life more generally – one’s degree of integration into a supportive social network 6) in the workplace and beyond, control over one’s destiny, is a pivotal factor in determining an individual’s health prospects and such control is socially mediated. Health Unhealthy Cause, Responsibility Biomedical model Fortunate Unfortunate No individual and social group is responsible – ill health is a product of nature or biology and is ultimately a matter of fate Individual health promotion Responsible Irresponsible The individual is responsible – ill health is the outcome of unhealthy behaviours and unwise lifestyle choice Social medicine Social Advantage Social Disadvantaged Social group who foster, and profit from, inequality are responsible, ill- health is the product of social organisation

Noise Control/Radon

In the advent of technological advancements that we have today, we are not only given innovations that would make our lives easier, but also some risks and threats to our health and well-being. These health risks and threats can be considered as the negative side of these technological advancements, and these are usually in the form of pollution. Pollution on the other hand, can be classified into various types, usually depending on the aspect of the environment that they have a corresponding negative effect.These include air, water, and soil pollution. There are also some types of pollution which arises when there is an excessive amount of a naturally occurring substance or phenomenon, just like Radon Pollution and Noise Pollution. But between these two, it is the radon pollution that poses great risks, as it affects everyone in the country, with greater risks to those staying in their homes.Noise pollution is defined as â€Å"an unwanted, disturbing sound that causes a nuisance in the eye of the beholder (Nunez, 1998).† This is comprised by displeasing sounds created by human activity or by machines, and are known to disrupt the environment (Berglund & Lindvall, 1995). The leading cause of noise pollution today is from the transportation sources – the noise coming from the motor vehicles. In a person, the aspect greatly affected by noise pollution is the sense of hearing, which could lead to different responses from the affected one, including annoyance and other behavioral changes.Radon pollution on the other hand, is caused by naturally occurring processes. Even before man became aware of pollution and its effect on human health, Radon was already around the environment. It’s because Radon is a natural part of the atmosphere, and that it is continually being released by the earth, because it is the product of the radioactive decay of radioactive materials like Uranium and Thorium (Health Physics Society, 1997).The problem that results f rom this is when people build their homes on the Radon-releasing soil. Since it is a naturally occurring process, Radon will just continue to seep through the soil, supposedly going to the atmosphere. When homes are built however, the Radon tends to seep through the cracks in the basement, and will just be contained in our homes. Excessive Radon contents are known to cause respiratory problems like lung cancer, the second known cause for lung cancer deaths all over the country, next to smoking (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2000).Radon pollution poses a greater health risk to the community, as compared to Noise pollution. This is because Radon release of the earth is a naturally occurring event, as compared to Noise creation. Having Radon in the environment is inevitable, that even our homes are not a safe place to stay if the matter is not taken seriously. Noise pollution is also relative to a person: what could be noisy to some people can be pleasing for others.Also, nois e pollution is slowly being suppressed by technology, like the hybrid cars being quieter as compared to normal-engine vehicles. But despite this, Radon pollution can be solved thru the people themselves. There are ways to protect homes from excessive Radon contents, like maintaining a sealed, well ventilated basement. Another is to regularly check the Radon contents in your home, a safety measure which is not costly and can be afforded by a normal household.As Radon pollution may continue to exist despite all the technological innovations present today, this doesn’t mean that people will forever be at risk because of it. Health risks can be averted by making sure that the people’s homes are protected from the seeping Radon gases. Spending a little for the family’s health would mean protecting them from fatal health risks.References:Berglund, B., & Lindvall, T. (1995). Community Noise.  Ã‚   Retrieved November 3, 2007, from http://www.nonoise.org/library/whonoi se/whonoise.htmHealth Physics Society. (1997). Radon Fact Sheet.  Ã‚   Retrieved November 3, 2007, from http://www.hps1.org/glossary/radon.htmNunez, D. G. (1998). Cause and Effects of Noise Pollution.  Ã‚   Retrieved November 3, 2007, from http://www.dbc.uci.edu/~sustain/global/sensem/S98/Nunez/Noise.htmlU. S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2000). Radionuclides (including Radon, Radium and Uranium).  Ã‚   Retrieved November 3, 2007, from http://www.epa.gov/ttn/uatw/hlthef/radionuc.html Noise Control/Radon In the advent of technological advancements that we have today, we are not only given innovations that would make our lives easier, but also some risks and threats to our health and well-being. These health risks and threats can be considered as the negative side of these technological advancements, and these are usually in the form of pollution. Pollution on the other hand, can be classified into various types, usually depending on the aspect of the environment that they have a corresponding negative effect.These include air, water, and soil pollution. There are also some types of pollution which arises when there is an excessive amount of a naturally occurring substance or phenomenon, just like Radon Pollution and Noise Pollution. But between these two, it is the radon pollution that poses great risks, as it affects everyone in the country, with greater risks to those staying in their homes.Noise pollution is defined as â€Å"an unwanted, disturbing sound that causes a nuisance in the eye of the beholder (Nunez, 1998).† This is comprised by displeasing sounds created by human activity or by machines, and are known to disrupt the environment (Berglund & Lindvall, 1995). The leading cause of noise pollution today is from the transportation sources – the noise coming from the motor vehicles. In a person, the aspect greatly affected by noise pollution is the sense of hearing, which could lead to different responses from the affected one, including annoyance and other behavioral changes.Radon pollution on the other hand, is caused by naturally occurring processes. Even before man became aware of pollution and its effect on human health, Radon was already around the environment. It’s because Radon is a natural part of the atmosphere, and that it is continually being released by the earth, because it is the product of the radioactive decay of radioactive materials like Uranium and Thorium (Health Physics Society, 1997).The problem that results f rom this is when people build their homes on the Radon-releasing soil. Since it is a naturally occurring process, Radon will just continue to seep through the soil, supposedly going to the atmosphere. When homes are built however, the Radon tends to seep through the cracks in the basement, and will just be contained in our homes. Excessive Radon contents are known to cause respiratory problems like lung cancer, the second known cause for lung cancer deaths all over the country, next to smoking (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2000).Radon pollution poses a greater health risk to the community, as compared to Noise pollution. This is because Radon release of the earth is a naturally occurring event, as compared to Noise creation. Having Radon in the environment is inevitable, that even our homes are not a safe place to stay if the matter is not taken seriously. Noise pollution is also relative to a person: what could be noisy to some people can be pleasing for others.Also, nois e pollution is slowly being suppressed by technology, like the hybrid cars being quieter as compared to normal-engine vehicles. But despite this, Radon pollution can be solved thru the people themselves. There are ways to protect homes from excessive Radon contents, like maintaining a sealed, well ventilated basement. Another is to regularly check the Radon contents in your home, a safety measure which is not costly and can be afforded by a normal household.As Radon pollution may continue to exist despite all the technological innovations present today, this doesn’t mean that people will forever be at risk because of it. Health risks can be averted by making sure that the people’s homes are protected from the seeping Radon gases. Spending a little for the family’s health would mean protecting them from fatal health risks.References:Berglund, B., & Lindvall, T. (1995). Community Noise.  Ã‚   Retrieved November 3, 2007, from http://www.nonoise.org/library/whonoi se/whonoise.htmHealth Physics Society. (1997). Radon Fact Sheet.  Ã‚   Retrieved November 3, 2007, from http://www.hps1.org/glossary/radon.htmNunez, D. G. (1998). Cause and Effects of Noise Pollution.  Ã‚   Retrieved November 3, 2007, from http://www.dbc.uci.edu/~sustain/global/sensem/S98/Nunez/Noise.htmlU. S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2000). Radionuclides (including Radon, Radium and Uranium).  Ã‚   Retrieved November 3, 2007, from http://www.epa.gov/ttn/uatw/hlthef/radionuc.html

Moral Crusade or Personal Vendetta Essays

Moral Crusade or Personal Vendetta Essays Moral Crusade or Personal Vendetta Essay Moral Crusade or Personal Vendetta Essay Abigail is not the only opportunist in Salem. The Putnams, whose daughter was one of the young women dancing in the woods, also seize the opportunity. Thomas Putnam is a greedy landowner in Salem. He systematically accuses his neighbours of witchcraft so that he might purchase their land after they hang. Like Abigail, there is a hidden agenda guiding Thomas Putnam, namely his greed for land. He too will stop at nothing to satisfy his greed. Miller has incorporated this into the play as The Royal Charter was revoked in 1692 and land ownership deeds became invalid creating a crisis of property rights. Individuals no longer felt secure with their landholdings thus feuds broke out regarding property rights and deeds of ownership. Ann Putnam also used the witchcraft trials for her own means. Mrs Putnam believes that a witch is responsible for the deaths of her seven infant children. She is resentful of Rebecca Nurse who has a large family and who has a reputation for good Christian deeds. Reverend Parris is the minister of the Christian puritan society in Salem. At the start of the play he discovers the girls dancing in the woods. One of the girls is his daughter, Betty, who falls ill after the event, and Abigail is his niece. Therefore, Reverend Parris is terrified of the consequences of their actions. This is more so as he feels that he is unpopular with many of the congregation I have fought here three long years to bend these stiff-necked people to me, and now, just when some good respect is rising for me in the parish, you compromise my very character. Parris has used his sermons to demand money and possessions and thus divided the village. He believes people are plotting against him and a faction plans to force him to leave Salem so he attempts to strengthen his authority through the witch trials thereby using them for his own means. After Parris receives a death threat, and hears of a rebellion against the court in Andover, where there have been similar witch trials, Parris fears that the hanging of two such upstanding citizens as Rebecca Nurse and John Proctor will incite a rebellion in Salem, similar to the one in Andover. The reason he gives is that postponement now speaks of floundering on my part. He is not so much concerned about the lives of those condemned as about his own reputations. To determine if witchcraft is to blame for Bettys illness, Parris summons Hale, a Reverend from the Boston area. Unlike most of the other characters, Reverend Hale has nothing to gain from the trials and executions. He is a well meaning scholar with a reputation for knowledge and expertise symbolised by the many books he carries on entering the play. He also feels he can put the people of Salem at ease regarding their concerns about witchcraft. He does this by exhorting Tituba, the black slave, and the other girls to confess and denounce others to save themselves. When he succeeds he cries, glory to God, it is broken, they are free! Reverend Hale is on a moral crusade, striving for justice unlike many of the other characters. He is impressed by Elizabeth Proctors strong Christian faith. He is critical of John Proctors poor record of attendance at church and is dismayed at finding that John Proctor cannot remember the Ten Commandments. Ironically, the only of the Ten Commandments that he cannot name is, Thou shalt not commit adultery. Although Hale remains determined not to declare witchcraft unless he can prove it, he is taken in by the expectations of the people of Salem and begins by taking their evidence at face value. Later on, however, he attempts to correct his shortcomings when he realizes that Abigail is a fraud. Hale then devotes himself to attempting to persuade the other prisoners to confess in order to avoid executions. However, he does not realise that lies would only reinforce the slanders the court has already committed. Hales faith is severely tested in the play but although he questions his own faith he does not abandon religion altogether. The other character in the play who does not use the trials for his gain is the Deputy Governor, Danforth, who represents the authority of church and state. Danforth refuses to admit possibilities outside the strict confines of the church and he applies the law with a rigid harshness. Although he may be viewed as a villainous character who does not want to open his mind to the reality of the court being duped by a group of teenage girls after signing so many death warrants, he may also be viewed as someone on a moral crusade which results in his ruthless character. Although not on a moral crusade themselves, characters such as Rebecca Nurse and Elizabeth Proctor are morally upright within the community. They are honest and will not confess to witchcraft as they would be confessing to something they had not done. Rebecca Nurse serves as a symbol of goodness and reason. Her character is impeccable, and her reputation flawless. At the outset she dismisses the behaviour of the young girls as part of their adolescence. She makes it quite clear that any searching for the devil based on the behaviour of the girls is, in itself, evil. Elizabeth and Rebecca Nurse show courage and calmness amidst the climate of fear and hysteria. The character analysis of the main people and their motives in the witch hunt trials shows Millers ability to create complex characters. Although Miller wrote a historical play set in the Puritan period, by inference, the McCarthy period, it is essentially a play about people and the human condition. Miller is adept at removing the outer covering of his characters to expose the inner workings as in a crucible. However, the historical setting of the play has affected style of language and the way the play has been written. He comments, No one can really know what their lives were like, neither can anyone know exactly how they spoke. Miller does not claim to have written a historically accurate play but he uses expressions which may have been used by the Puritan community. These include the use of Goody instead of Mrs; Id admire to know, instead of Id like very much to know, and open with me, instead of tell me the truth. Miller also makes some grammatical changes from modern usage; the verb to be is often changed; it were for it was and it be for it is. The tense of a verb is sometimes changed She gives instead of She gave. Furthermore, the West Indian slave, Tituba, is given her own dialect Devil, him be a pleasure, man in Barbados, him be singin and dancin Miller also drops the g at the end of words such as goin, beatin to denote a dialect. To add to the Puritanical setting Miller makes references to events in the Bible. Reverend Hale trying to persuade Elizabeth to confess says I have gone this three month like our Lord into the wilderness. Earlier, speaking of Abigail, Elizabeth Proctor says, where she walks the crowd will part like the sea for Israel. Thus, without claiming to be totally accurate, Arthur Miller has created the impression of a rural, deeply religious society. As well as the language, rooms are sparsely furnished and severe Puritan costumes are used. This creates an austere tone. Moreover, even more important than the language and setting, Miller makes some of the characters morally vocal. People had principles and lived and died by them. Faith, conduct and society pervaded their lives. This is demonstrated particularly by the character of Goody Nurse and also John Procter who works hard to build a defence for those accused and finally decides to die rather than lose his good name by admitting to witchcraft. Miller uses the historical setting as an opportunity to express the dramatic use of hysteria. The general hysteria that spreads through the community of Salem after the first mention of witchcraft is used to induce an atmosphere of anxiety and guilt which brings out superstitious fears. The witchcraft is both caused and fuelled by fear and it is this fear that is the motivating force that leads neighbour to accuse neighbour and generates hysteria. The most powerful and dramatic of these is the girls hysteria when they pretend to be possessed. The climax to this hysteria appears at the end of Act III in the court when reverend Hale feels anguished at the way the witch hunt is being carried out. Despite John Proctors admission of adultery and his wifes lying to deny it, Reverend Hale is prepared to defend them and starts accusing Abigail of falsehood and pretence. This is a dangerous moment for Abigail and the other girls. She starts looking up at the ceiling and screams at a yellow bird which she says is Mary, trying to scratch her face. The other girls gape at the ceiling, seeing the bird, they start repeating every word that Mary says. This has a terrifying hypnotic effect on Mary, and also the audience. The action at the end of this scene is a demonstration of the power of hysteria to paralyse thought. This is one of the dramatic climaxes of the play. The important technique of delaying is used to great effect. To build up a climax, hints, clues and suggestions must be given earlier in the play, many of them left purposely unanswered so that the audience is kept wondering. An example of the way Miller develops climax within an act is Elizabeths fears at the beginning of Act Two; Marys reporting, later in the act, that Elizabeths name had been mentioned in court; Hales questioning of John and Elizabeth until she denies the existence of witches; Giless report that his wife and Rebecca Nurse had been arrested; and the climax to the act, Elizabeth being arrested herself. Millers use of lighting adds another dimension to the symbolism of the novel. The play begins in Act One with the morning sunlight, which streams through the leaded panes of the narrow window. There is a candle which still burns. The atmosphere is dim and dark to signify ignorance and evil. In Act Two, the door opening on the fields outside, must give a feeling of light and space and the stage direction to Act Three, which is the General Court indicates there is sunlight pouring through two high windows. This shows some goodness and truth trying to vanquish ignorance and evil. Act four opens in darkness but for the moonlight seeping through the bars of the cell; but by the end of the act, when Elizabeth grips the bars of the window, the new sun is pouring in upon her face. The word new in this last stage direction is a clue to the effect Miller wants the lighting to create. The narrow minded community cannot shut out the sun and moon. The new sunlight and gentle moonlight are symbols of an unconfined world outside and are emblems of hope in a world gone mad. The light which is a symbol of truth and hope floods in at the end because Proctor chooses to go to his death rather than sign a false confession. In The Crucible, Arthur Miller has created a work set in a historical period of Puritan Culture. He has used themes and events concerning witchcraft, superstition, the devil and fear, which were largely true in colonist America in the 1690s. He has also drawn parallels with the Puritan culture and that of the McCarthy trial during the 1950s. Miller has done this though narrative techniques which contain long comments on the background and on the characters which are given details by use of language, tone and setting. Therefore, this detailed characterisation makes The Crucible much more than a play in two parallel historical settings. It transcends historical backgrounds. Miller has produced a play which explores repression, resolution, fear and the response to it by the human conscience. It is a play in which private grudges and feuding erupts into controversies that overwhelm an entire community. The problems of a single man, according to Miller, are not enough to contain the truth of the human situation. Proctors conscience is the focus of the play. The initial situation of the play is well devised to prevent the social forces that later provide the major conflict for Proctor as he becomes aware of the witch hunts and reveals his temper, his strengths and weaknesses. At times it seems that evil may win over blind justice. Proctor is a proud and strong man whose one mistake causes his own downfall. The relentless forces of evil in this melodrama are inevitable. The balance between order and freedom, which once existed, as displayed by the character of Proctor is being destroyed. Social and personal conflicts are dramatised in his destruction. This is done by fraud and a self-imposed hypnotism on the part of a society in panic. The climax suggests a symbolic end of an era, the waste of human lives and the confused state of a mankind whose personal disaster shatters the balance of the world. Order to this shattered state is restored by the hero making a personal sacrifice. Some of the characters in The Crucible respond by behaving as though they are on a moral crusade and morally upright characters like Rebecca Nurse and John Proctor end up facing dilemmas of conscience and in conflict with authority. They would rather die than lose their good name by signing to witchcraft. However, a majority and insecurity are driven by fear to manipulate the situation for their own purposes and misinterpret events for their own end, until finally the situation and the events are out of control. An atmosphere of hysterical suspicion is created which drives people. Miller has created this. Miller has created this atmosphere in The Crucible by the use of technical features such as characterisation, language, stage directions and lighting.

Leonardo da Vinci, the Renaissance Man

Leonardo da Vinci, the Renaissance Man Leonardo da Vinci was born in 1452 in Vinci, Tuscany. He was the epitome of the term Renaissance man during the High Italian Renaissance. Any subject- and there were many- toward which he directed his insatiable curiosity, artistic talent, and keen scientific mind found itself dissected, improved upon and cataloged for posterity. Leonardo, truly, was a man before his time. Obstacles cannot crush me. Every obstacle yields to stern resolve. He who is fixed to a star does not change his mind.- Leonardo da Vinci Early Life Though illegitimate, Leonardo was taken in and raised by his father. A child of unearthly beauty, Leonardo showed precocious genius in math, music, and art. His greatest desire was to be apprenticed to a painter, a profession which was looked down upon at the time. Eventually, his father was worn down by the boys undeniable talent and took him to Florence to study painting, sculpting, and engineering under the great Andrea del Verrocchio. Leonardo quickly outstripped his master (though he continued to study with Verrocchio until around 1476) and was admitted to the Florence painters guild in 1472. Body of Work Leonardo spent about twenty years in the service of Lodovico Sforza, the Duke of Milan (who frequently neglected to pay Leonardo). His output during this period included two of his best-known paintings: The Madonna of the Rocks (1483-85) and the mural The Last Supper (1495-98). When Milan was seized by French troops in 1499, Leonardo returned to Florence. It was here that he painted one of the most famous portraits of all time, The Mona Lisa, more correctly known as La Gioconda (1503-06). Leonardo spent his later years moving between Florence, Rome, and France, working on a variety of projects. He lived long enough to be appreciated and well-paid, a rarity among artists. Throughout it all, he kept prodigious notebooks, in mirror writing, to keep track of his ideas, designs, and numerous sketches. Leonardo eventually settled in France, at the invitation of Francis I, an ardent admirer. He died on May 2, 1519, in the castle of Cloux, near Amboise, France.

Are social network site good for our society Essay

Are social network site good for our society - Essay Example Studies have shown that this has significantly lowered worker productivity in many organizations. This has resulted in many companies recording losses. The other danger of social sites is that they expose children to predators. There are various sexual crimes that are committed through the use of these sites in different parts of the globe. Social sites promote human trafficking and they also promote other cyber crimes through identity theft. Security is limited in terms of the use of social sites and this has given criminals the opportunity to steal personal information belonging to other people. Some companies have recorded massive losses as a result of crimes that have been committed through the use of social sites. The use of social sites also expose computers to viruses and this can lead to loss of vital personal or company information. Therefore, it can be noted that the benefits of using social networks social in nature, they just offer personal gratification to the individuals who use them. However, the disadvantages of using social networks are gross and they outweigh the benefits. Huge financial losses are often experienc ed by both individuals and organizations as a result of the use of social

INTERNET ASSIGNMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

INTERNET ASSIGNMENT - Essay Example personal and employer sections. The individuals have a wide range of options which include the ‘Salary – Wizard  ®Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, job searches, education and a blog where there are career advancement articles. The best feature of this website is that it allows the users to gain a better understanding of their worth in the industry and the salary that they can expect for their current position. The website also provides excellent tips in the articles to help individuals improve their skills and education. This website has been designed to assist both the prospective employees and employers equally (Salary.com, 2009). The website however does lack one element which is extremely essential and can be a bigger source of income for the website as well (Salary.com-Articles, 2009). In the education section for individuals, if the website did provide links to universities and organizations which provide the training this would be beneficial for all, the individual, the website and the university stated. I would definitely recommend this site to all my friends simply because of the wide area that it covers. Being a student myself, I understand the need for career development and career advancement assistance. This website proves to be helpful for career advancement, and also to assist people to realize their worth in the market. Hence I would definitely recommend this site to others. This website has been developed with a major focus on only ‘law related’ jobs. The main audiences for this website are people in the law field. The website does cater to the needs of a niche of the market and provides the individuals with experience and education in the law field. The website has been developed with a very simple design, however the information on the website is not organized and there is an influx of information, which creates a chaos on the website. The website can clearly be improved with a bettered design and a more

Microbiology tecniques Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Microbiology tecniques - Research Paper Example Through this technique, the many instances of typhoid related deaths can be effectively minimized if not fully extinguished. Also, it can be projected that this method, being cheap, will minimize instances of mis- diagnosis and wrong drug use, a prospect that has often led to many deaths in Sub- Saharan Africa. For quite a long time, typhoid fever has been a great problem in the developing states of Africa, Asia and Latin America. Notably though, the number of deaths related to typhoid are minimal in developed states. According to reports by the CDC, typhoid fever has so far led to over 200,000 fatalities, with over two million people having been infected with the bacterium. Critical reviews have shown that the prevalence of Salmonella typhi is common in congested localities where there are instances of poor hygiene and sanitation. Therefore, there is need to develop ideal strategies to detect the bacterium in the blood of the victims, and to consequently mount quick response to prevent progression of the infection to full- blown states. The other problem experienced within these localities is the presence of the carriers for the Salmonella bacteria. Such cases of carriers allow the bacterial populations to exponentially multiply. Thereafter, the bacteria can be easily passed over to new p opulations thus further spreading the infection. Therefore, it is necessary to create proper strategies to manage the spread of the infection through critical analysis of the population of Salmonella typhi in people, especially careers to alleviate further spread of the disease. This study is aimed at developing ideal strategies to detect populations of Salmonella typhi in populations. Through such detection of host bacterial counts, it is possible to develop proper strategies to prevent further spread of the bacteria to other people. This, consequently, helps to curb the spread of the typhoid fever to new hosts and hence significantly helps to reduce

Role of Heuristics in Social Cognition

Role of Heuristics in Social Cognition Tracy L. Rawlins Discuss the topic of social cognition and in particular the role of heuristics in the way we process information. Briefly describe two different heuristics and give examples of how and when they might be used as well as problems connected with their use. Our capabilities of interpreting, analyzing, remembering, and using information about the social world is referred to as our social cognition. It is believed that our thinking of the social world is quick and effortless; in other words, automatic (Baron Branscombe, 2012). It is our own way of encoding information, storing it in our memory, being able to retrieve it from our memory, as well as processing any information in our brains. Social cognition focuses on the manner in which individuals apply any information about social situations. As humans, we are only able to handle a particular amount of information at any point in time. When we are faced with information that goes beyond this point that we are able handle, we enter a state of information overload. In these situations, we are presented with alternate ways of stretching our cognitive processes, especially in times where the logically right answers are not easily known or would take an immense amount of effort to figure out. These alternate ways are called heuristics. Heuristics allow us to quickly deal with amounts of information that go beyond our own social cognition capacity. These processes contribute to the reason why a majority of our social thought is occurring on an automatic basis. More or less, heuristics are considered a mental shortcut that one may employ to allow them to solve issues and make their own judgments in a quick and efficient manner. They work by drastically cutting down thinking time and allow one to proceed in their situations without having to think about their next actions. Heuristics are used when we often need an expeditious solution to a problem. While they may be useful in some decision making cases, they may also be erroneous. Thus, it is safe to say that the fact something worked in the past, does not guarantee that it will indeed work again in the future. Seeking the same heuristic outcomes as previous experience makes it all the more difficult for an individual to come up with alternate ideas or solutions to th eir problems. One of the most common heuristics of the three that I see on a daily basis would be the availability heuristic. This shortcut relies mostly on examples that we have experienced or have previously been aware of. When we retain information from past experiences, it is highly convenient for one to relate any future similar experiences. When trying to yield a decision, we might immediately think of past events and we may very well judge those events more possible and more frequent than others. I believe individuals ten to declare things that they remember more important than the things that they do not. An example of when it would be helpful would be when referring to your relationships. Your relationship suddenly begins to grow because your significant other comes to mind more easily, even after leaving their side; this leads you to assume that this person must be of importance to you and worth your devotion. However, every heuristic possesses the chances of having errors in processing. As an example where this heuristic causes errors, we see multiple news reports about kidnappings, we might declare that kidnappings are more common in our area than they are in reality, leading us one believing that these events are more typical than they really are. In another example, the lottery has been seeing more winners closer to where you live. You start buying more lottery tickets than you should because you think your chances of winning are increased due to the frequency of jackpot winners close to where you live. On the other hand, I also see the representativeness heuristic on a daily basis as well. Every day, people are categorized into certain stereotypes, whether it is by their looks, their lifestyle, or simply how they act. Robert and Nyla, authors of Social Psychology, explain â€Å"You would base your judgment on the basis of a relatively simple rule: The more an individual seems to resemble or match a given group, the more likely she or he is to belong to that group† (Baron, Branscombe,2012, p. 38). This heuristic is our own estimation of the likelihood of an event by just comparing it to an existing prototype or category in which already exist within our minds. By prototype or category, I mean the things we think as the most typical or relevant object or event. While this heuristic can sometimes be handy, we may be more likely to overestimate the likelihood of something occurring, or more likely to make more errors within our judgments. One thing to remember is something is n ot more likely to occur just because it fits the category. In an example of which this heuristic might come in handy is when you go for your job interview. You see that the boss’s body language is welcoming and they offer warmth while communicating with you. He’s wearing a polo shirt, and khaki shorts. You feel more comfortable to disclose some personal experiences and share some laughs with them. You offer him to join you in a golfing tournament, assuming he likes to play golf by evaluating his attire. You two hit it off immediately and you are hired on the spot. However, the outcomes are not always correct. To explain how representativeness can cause errors, this example portrays an insight to the possibility of being wrong. You’re walking in New York City and see a group of African Americans wearing baggy clothes sitting on a stoop and immediately think you’re in danger because your perception of these particular individuals is that they are crime comm itting thugs based on their appearance. You couldn’t be farther from the truth; these men were actually undercover detectives scoping out the area for the actual crime committers, keeping the streets crime free. Since you related their appearance and race to a certain stereotype, you used the representativeness heuristic, and this caused your conclusion to be erroneous. Lastly, an example I am passionate about; pit bulls. A majority of society declares all pit bulls are dangerous and deadly because they know of them attacking people. They base their decisions on how pit bulls are portrayed to society, yet they do not take into account that the pit bulls who attack are almost always abused, fought, used as bate, or was put through traumatic events. Most pit bulls do not attack, do not bite, and are full of love and warmth, but since our society associates pit bulls with being attacked, they are deemed detrimental by many. Discuss schemas: their effects, how they are activated, the perseverance effect, and their tendency to become self-fulfilling. Schemas are frameworks which assist us in organizing social information and guide us during the processing of information (Baron Branscombe, 2012). The best example that I can use is describing concert goers. If you’re a concert goer, the chances are that you’ve been to one or more concert in the past. You know the entire process from being through it before. When arriving at the venue, you have to find parking. From there you must join the line to enter the arena, go through the security check, present your ticket, and find your seat. Every time you go, it is the same process. This means you have become familiar with the process and have since built up a mental framework, otherwise known as a schema. Schemas influence social thought processes including attention, encoding, and retrieval. â€Å"Attention refers to what information we notice. Encoding refers to the processes through which information we notice gets stored in memory. Finally, retrieval refers to the pro cesses through which we recover information from memory in order to use it in some manner – for example, in making judgments about other people† (Baron, Branscombe, 2012, p. 44). Schemas assist us in processing information efficiently, which is why they are likely to be utilized when we receive a lot of information at one point in time, particularly regarding the attention aspect. Though, when speaking of the decoding aspect, we rationalize the situations which capture our attention, becoming the main focus, are more likely to become stored information within our long term memory. Contrarily, when we receive information that goes against our expectations in situations may also be stored in an entirely different sector of our memory. When something goes against what we expect, it is thought to capture our attention, and force us to encode the information in our memory. Lastly, when speaking of the retrieval process, I am referring to the information that is most readily available. It doesn’t matter if the information goes along with our expectations or not – either way, inconsistent information may very well be remembered just as well as the information that is consistent. Furthermore, activating a schema is commonly known as priming. As our recent experiences employ some schemas to be active, it certainly affects our current thought processes. A schema is able to be accessed temporarily due to something we just experienced, or something that just happened. For example, you’re in your living room watching a horror movie and you get up to get something to drink. You wanted milk and cookies but you realize you have no milk. The store is right up the road and it would be a quick trip, so you jump into your shoes and start walking with your friend to the corner store. You approach the wooded area down the street and suddenly feel frightened from the crinkling of leaves nearby. Every step you take, you are more on edge and every time you look over your shoulder, you think someone is following you. The scary movie caused you to have an increased sensitivity to a schema due to a recent experience. Thus, the process in which an experience or an exposure to stimuli brings a particular schema in the very front of our mind and starts to influence our decisions and judgments, this is priming. Although such experiences are thought to have a lasting effect, schemas can be unprimed as well by the individual expressing the schemas; the influences of the primed schemas vanish. However, if one does not express a primed schema, the effects may last for a longer period of time. Additionally, in regards to the perseverance effect, schemas tend to keep their original framework even while new information is presented in which clearly defies the original information. The perseverance effect may take part in any position of a situation. This leads to the schema becoming self-fulfilling, whereas the schema influences our actions and responses within the social world in a manner that makes it consistent with the schema (Baron Branscombe, 2012). Fully explain the difference between automatic processing and controlled processing of information and provide an example of each. In regards to automatic processing of information, it is a cognitive process in which requires very little cognitive effort, is fast, and efficient. This type of processing can be the result of completing the same training on the same task, and once learned, the automatic response is not easy to ignore or modify. The automatic processing of information does not require the attention or awareness of the initiation or operation of the process. Therefore, these processes are effortless, involuntary, and unintentional, often occurring when we are not aware that they are occurring. For example, sometimes when we lose things and can’t imagine exactly where we put them, we can turn our attention to something different, and sometimes we suddenly remember where we placed the items in question. Another example of automatic processing would be when we have a busy schedule and don’t always remember what we were supposed to do. Often, we feel like the information is right there in t he back of our head, it just is not presenting itself. Our mind goes to something else that grabs our attention, and soon we remember the errand we were supposed to run. Controlled processes are cognitive processes in which require intentional control from the individual. The individual is aware and their effort is held by the amount of attention serving resources that are available at that given moment in time. When our attention is required to complete a given task, we are in control and aware. These processes require that we evaluate, think about situations, and base our decisions upon the information that we gather. Since controlled processes require our effort, they are thought to be slower than automatic processes. This places limitations on us having the ability to multitask, and on the speed of processing. In other words, the more tasks that we take on at the same time, the more our performance and quality of the results will suffer the consequences. An example of controlled processes would include efforts in the work place. While working, many people face the reality that they have more on their plate that they think they can handle. When th is occurs, they often try to get the job done to gain approval from their superiors. The work requires the focus and the attention of the individual’s cognitive processing in order to adequately get the job done. However, when having to complete multiple tasks at once, the quality of the work will not be as great as if they were handling only one task at a time. Another example would be when a student is given a test and they are unsure of the answer, they are forced to think long and hard about what selection they are going to choose on the multiple choice exam. They try to reflect on the information that they were learning during their course, and eventually remember the answer; it just took a little while longer to get there. Discuss the phenomena of persuasion and the cognitive processes that underlie it. In regards to the phenomena of persuasion, it is an influence from our social world in which an individual is encouraged to adopt or allow an attitude, idea, or a course of action. We are often encouraged to adapt to an individual’s suggestions if we determine that person is of authority or a trusted friend. We are inclined to follow these guidelines because they tend to lead us to selecting the right choice in certain situations. On the other hand, we accept persuasions and influences so much without much thought, we are often found letting ourselves being taken advantage of. This happens a lot on television as there are products being sold with promises that are not delivered within the warranty return policy time frame. Central route to persuasion or systematic processing is the first type of processing that we can employ, in which individuals pay close attention to the message and consider the relevant ideas and logic in detail (Baron Branscombe, 2012). Individuals are more likely to seek this route when the ideas are relevant to them, or when the idea gives a sense of personal responsibility. In this route, individuals are more influenced by messages that are of higher quality. Next, the second approach would be heuristic processing, or the peripheral route to persuasion, in which requires less effort. It enables an automatic response from us to persuasive ideas. The response occurs to cues in the situation in which various mental shortcuts are employed. Individuals employ this route when there is a lack of motivation, ability, or time to entertain the deeper meaning of the message. The most modern approach is the elaboration-likelihood model of persuasion, in which can work in one of two ways wh ich require different amounts of elaboration or cognitive effort. How important the message is to an individual, or the motivation and ability to process the message are the factors that decide which route is to be employed. The target of the message, the content of the message, and the source of the message are all components of the elements of the persuasive process (Baron Branscombe, 2012). References Baron, R. A., Branscombe, N. R. (2012). Social psychology (13th ed.). Boston, MA:  Pearson.

American Dream in Song of Solomon, Narrative Frederick Douglass, Life o

American Dream in Song of Solomon, Narrative of Frederick Douglass, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, and Push   Ã‚   In an era where "knowledge is power," the emphasis on literacy in African American texts is undeniable. Beginning with the first African American literary works, the slave narratives, through the canon's more recent successes such as Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon and Sapphire's Push, the topic of literacy is almost inextricably connected to freedom and power. A closer investigation, however, leads the reader to another, less direct, message indicating that perhaps this belief in literacy as a pathway to the "American Dream" of freedom and social and financial success is contradictory or, at least, insufficient in social and cultural terms. In this way, African American literature reconstructs the "American Dream" into an even more complex "dream deferred."    In his introduction to The Classic Slave Narratives, Henry Louis Gates, Jr. states: "In literacy lay true freedom for the black slave," (ix). Such is the case for Frederick Douglass whose initial tutelage by his mistress, Mrs. Auld, and the subsequent denial of such tutelage by Mr. Auld enlightens Douglass to "an entirely new train of thought," which allows him to understand "the pathway from slavery to freedom," (275). Understanding that maintaining the illiteracy of the slave population was "the white man's power to enslave the black man" (275), Douglass realizes that learning to read is a potential pathway for freedom from the chains of slavery. It is here, however, that the distinction between freedom from slavery and the freedom inherent in the ideology of the "American Dream" begin to breakdown what Harvey Graff terms "the literacy myth."... ...n the successful negotiation of not just illiteracy, but of a history of social and cultural denial. Such is the nature of the dream deferred.    WORKS CITED Brent, Linda. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. The Classic Slave Narratives. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. New York: Penguin Group, 1987. Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. The Classic Slave Narratives. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. New York: Penguin Group, 1987. Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. Introduction. The Classic Slave Narratives. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. New York: Penguin Group, 1987. ix-xviii. Graff, Harvey J. The Literacy Myth: Literacy and Social Structure in the Nineteenth-Century City. New York: Academic Press, 1979. Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon. New York: The Penguin Group, 1977. Sapphire. Push. New York: Vintage Contemporaries, 1996.   

Marketing Case – Buick Motors

As mentioned above, the average age of a Buick buyer in the early to mid sass's was in their early seventies. This was compared to the average age of 52 for a new car buyer in general. In 2008, Buick sold Just over 137,000 new cars for only a 4. 6% share of overall GM sales and only a 1. 04% market share In the united States. Advertising was almost non-existent. Buck's idea of branding through corporate sponsorship of sporting events was to sponsor the Buick Open Golf Tournament. Golf Is not exactly geared towards a younger audience. Doesn't mean that the younger audience will buy into the message and be converted.There has to be a legitimate reason for a young audience to be attracted to the product and not Just because advertisers and marketers say you should. The main issue facing Buick was that they had a fleet of old looking cars that were not nearly as stylish as other luxury cars in similar segments. Management made a clear decision to market its class of automobiles to a youn g â€Å"urban† crowd in major cities with the hopes that if these urban trendsetters liked what they saw and began to purchase Buick, this would have a ripple effect into the mainstream market and would increase demand for Buick products across the board.This strategy was pursued by customizing and detailing Buick Lucent's with larger wheels, upgraded sound systems and detailing packages that catered to this younger urban buyer. The main problems with this strategy were threefold. The first problem highlighted in the case which I agree with is that management came across as insincere and out of touch. The media panel brought in by Buick commented that management â€Å"showed a disconnect between the brand and its target audience† and that â€Å"Buick idea of urban seems a bit old fashioned†.Take for example Buick using Tiger Woods to remote Buick cars. As a part of Tiger's sponsorship deal with Buick, I would believe that he may own a Buick or two but I also bel ieve that Tiger's car of choice is not a Buick! The second problem with this strategy was that by attempting to target a young urban audience, Buick risked alienating its core consumer which was an elderly suburbanite who didn't have the first clue what â€Å"urban† was. If Buick customer base was alienated, that could mean the end of the brand.The third issue that I see with the strategy is a touchy one because it's a touchy subject and that is he issue of racism. When a predominantly Caucasian management team and brand attempt to target a Hispanic and African American audience, if they are perceived as not being genuine or sincere, management could face whispers of racism and an anti-Buick backlash could easily taint and destroy the brand. Solutions In order to support management's desire to attract a younger buyer, there has to be substance behind the marketing and advertising blitz.Management has to seriously review the existing cars in the Buick brand and determine what young buyers are looking for in a luxury sedan. Once these consumer wants are identified, management must cater to them and design a younger looking class of cars with a level of luxury, quality, options, performance and price point that rivals or beats its competition within the class. Strong marketing campaigns can trigger consumer demand for only so long with smoke and mirrors. At the end of the day, the product has to meet customer and price determine success.My personal observations of young car buyers are that certain aspects of a car are important to them. A sleek and sporty design is usually first and foremost. A car with regressive features like GAPS, MPH and Pod compatibility along with a high performance sound system resonate with young buyers as well. Of course young buyers don't usually have as much money as older buyers so price and affordability are important to a young buyer. In today's economy and society, young buyers are more conscious of going green and gas consu mption so the cars should be fuel efficient and exceed emissions standards.I also believe that Buick isn't ready to Jump into the â€Å"urban† market. While I do believe in marketing towards a younger audience, I'm not sure I would risk the brand on ailing to the urban market in the hopes that this will crossover to mainstream America. There are plenty of marketing opportunities that can target a younger audience in mainstream America. Today, movie theaters show ads prior to movies and as we all know, young people make up the largest share of movie goers.I like Buick strategy of displaying Buick outside of clubs, bars, trendy shops and restaurants. At this stage of their brand repositioning, any â€Å"buzz† about a Buick is great for the brand and to have it on the tips of people's tongues is the first step in hanging consumer perception that a Buick can be an option for a young buyer. I would also look to supplement traditional marketing strategies like print, TV, bil lboards and national campaigns with an internet and social media marketing strategy and campaign on Twitter and Backbone.Young consumers have a vast and important presence on these social media outlets. I would look to sever ties with the Golf sponsorship and Tiger Woods and either eliminate the use of celebrity endorsements altogether or revisit the celebrity spokesperson to be a more realistic Buick user. Any strategy to increase market share in the luxury segment must involve dealing with the strong presence that imports have. The main way that domestic cars can compete with imports is on price.Young buyers are also very focused on price especially if they are a first time car buyer or even a baby boomer looking to save money in a tight economy. Based on my problem cited above with young buyer perceptions of what a Buick is, it would seem that Buick would struggle to get potential young buyers into their showrooms to even test drive a Buick. As such I would consider providing inc entives o prospective buyers to come to a dealer and test drive a Buick. These could include cash payments or a reduction in price if they purchase a Buick.

Finance And Accounting In The Media Industry Accounting Essay

Media and amusement includes a assortment of merchandises that entertains or keeps informed a day-to-day consumer. The industry is segmented into wireless, telecasting, wireless broadcast medium, etc. The competition in the media and amusement infinite is increasing twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. To be on the top or even to last in this extremely competitory market one has to be really efficient in pull offing the information systems.Finance and AccountingRelationship to Accounting: There is really small difference between finance and accounting. Both autumn under the legal power of main fiscal officer who uses a peculiar MIS to function the intent of both. The difference lies in the sense that in finance the intent is to maximise the net income whereas the intent of accounting is score maintaining so that a base for revenue enhancement payment is prepared. A fiscal director analyses the natural information ( provided by the comptroller about the company ‘s yesteryear, present and future ) as inputs to MIS for doing of import determinations. Accounting is non concerned with hard currency flows. It is merely based on the recognized grosss when sale occurs. Finance is merely concerned to hard currency flows. The magnitude, timing and hazard of hard currency flows are the focal point of finance director. Finance involves determination doing under unsure conditions and is concerned with future whereas accounting is concerned with the past records.WHY MIS IS USED?ALarge organisations have a batch of information. This aggregation of informations can non be of any usage if it is non streamlined so that informations can be retrieved easy. MIS would assist in commanding, tracking and monitoring of informations. Segregation of informations into faculties would ensue in faster determination devising. Would assist in traveling paper free. Use of MIS would guarantee the consequence as per the outlook and analysis of informations would be done easy.SAP FOR FINANCE IN MEDIA AND ENTERTAINMENThypertext transfer protocol: //www.sap.com/global/images/tce/spacer.gif Reliance Mediaworks uses SAP for functioning its fiscal jobs. SAP for Media provides trim solutions to maintain up with rapid alterations driven by the Internet, on-line publication, and digital broadcast medium. License acquisition and surpassing royalties – Reports on accurate royalty statements are prepared utilizing SAP. Core accounting and coverage capablenesss Fiscal supply concatenation direction Treasury Management Shared services Supply Chain ManagementRELIANCE MEDIAWORKSCompany profile In 2005 Reliance ventured into this infinite and rapidly adopted the criterions required to last in this market. The twelvemonth 2005 saw the entry of new participants across all sections of the E & A ; M industry. Reliance made its manner into amusement by purchasing out ‘Adlabs ‘ and besides acquired a wireless station known as BIG FM 92.7after command for 50 FM wireless Stationss across with aggregative commands of over INR 1.5 billion. In this M & A ; E industry one can non bury the function of finance and accounting in the success way of these companies. Finance and accounting should be really efficient so that there are no statistical errors/delays. The presence of trust mediaworks is felt in Film Services: Motion Picture Processing and DI ; Visual Effects ; Film Restoration and image sweetening ; Digital Mastering: Studios and Equipment leases with installations located at US and India. Most companies that fail in this industry have no or hold a weak information system for finance and accounting system. Finance holds the key for company ‘s success. Reliance Media works adopted a really good MIS every bit shortly as it entered the infinite. It implemented a ‘SAP ‘ made MIS and rapidly got the positive consequences of utilizing it. Use of SAP in Reliance Mediaworks Used for accounting intents. Used for revenue enhancement intents. Used for organizing general legers. Keeping collectible and receivable histories. Besides used for computation of assorted ratios and analyzing them. Used for preparation of one-year and quarterly studies. Used for puting up a fixed budget.AccountingFiscal accounting consists of: – General ledger – Sap helps in pull offing a general leger for the company. General leger keeps an history of the assets, grosss, disbursals and the liabilities of the company. At the bosom of the Financials faculty, the General Ledger constituent automates the integrating of all your fiscal information and poster to your histories – supplying the terminal point for all drumhead information in the system. From the General Ledger all the cardinal direction studies of your concern ‘ are generated, including the balance sheet, gross statement, trading history and test balance. Comprehensive bore down capablenesss and graphical coverage makes job designation and declaration simple in the extreme. The General Ledger shops information on all of your histories, including all minutess – supplying the ability to update work-in advancement, stock values, foreign currency fluctuations, debitors and creditors, so that an accurate representation of the concern ‘ fiscal state of affairs is ever presented. Flexibility is provided in the set up of your chart of histories, which can be standard of customised to accommodate the alone demands of you concern. Full integrating from the full Prism system ensures the General Ledger presents dependable, accurate and timely direction information. Treasury Management of Assetss Reliance has a separate faculty for the intent of exchequer direction. This faculty invariably manages the assets and the investings that have been made by the company. Investings Reliance Mediaworks is invested in many bonds and common financess. The list of these investings every bit good as such other investings is maintained by SAP. New investings to be made are besides analysed by the MIS. A proviso for decline is made to recognize a diminution, other than impermanent, in the value of long-run investings and is determined individually for each single investing. Fixed assets and depreciation / amortization Tangible assets Assetss that can be equated in footings of money are known as touchable assets. Expenses incurred for up maintaining of the assets are taken into history. Depreciation on fixed assets is provided on the consecutive line method, . Cost of movie rights comprises original purchase monetary value / minimal warrant. Cost is ascertained on specific designation footing where possible. In instance multiple movies / rights are acquired for a amalgamate sum, cost is allocated to each movie / right based on direction ‘s best estimations. The single movie prognosis method is used to amortize the cost of movie rights acquired. Under this method, costs are amortised in the proportion that gross grosss realised bear to direction ‘s estimation of the entire gross grosss expected to be received. If estimations of the entire grosss and other events or alterations in fortunes indicate that the realisable value of a right is less than its unamortised cost, a loss is recognised for the surplus of unamortised cost over the movie right ‘s realisable value. Liabilitiess illustrations of liability histories include histories collectible and long term debt. Gross Gross is recognised to the extent that it is likely that the economic benefits will flux to the Company and the gross can be faithfully measured. Advertisement / sponsorship gross Reliance generates its grosss from advertizements and sponsorships that it offers to assorted companies. Large Frequency modulation every bit good as some other subordinates of ‘Reliance Mediaworks ‘ like the ‘Adlabs ‘ generates grosss through advertisement offerings. Film production and related income The twenty-four hours the movie rights are sold, the income/revenue from movie production is registered in the book of histories. Income from movie distribution activity Distribution rights for a movie produced by Reliance Mediaworks, abroad rights, picture, music or orbiter rights are sold and the grosss are registered by SAP. Film production services Gross from treating / printing of cinematographic movies is recognised upon completion of the related processing / printing. Theatrical exhibition and related income Grosss are besides generated by the sale of tickets at Big Cinemas. The amusement revenue enhancement is exempted from the gross. Interest income / income from movie funding Grosss may besides be generated from financing a peculiar movie and so finally purchasing the movie. Foreign currency minutess Due to operations in assorted states, Reliance has the grosss in assorted currencies which is converted into rupees at the terminal of the twelvemonth. The difference in exchange rates may do extra gross for the company. Expense/Cost Expense or cost can specify as escapes from the company. Personal costs Wages, rewards, fillips, PPF, staff public assistance disbursals Operational costs Advertisement, bank charges, rent, insurance, labor charges, loss on sale, bad debts, printing and communicating, other assorted disbursals. Other costs include involvement payment on the loans, fiscal charges etc. Receivable accounts- : Pull offing a list of receivable histories can be really boring if done manually. This job is solved utilizing SAP which records and manages such histories. The Accounts Receivable constituent of the Prism Financials faculty reveals a 360AÂ ° position of gross revenues public presentation – the footing for accurate and effectual decision-making. Histories Receivable shops all client information, footings, minutess and balances, streamlining dayto- twenty-four hours disposal. It provides direction with full and accurate graphical analysis, projections of gross revenues, grosss and hard currency flow. Credit control installations with comprehensive diary notes and gross revenues history facilitate easy client direction. Full integrating is provided from Histories Receivable to the General Ledger and Cash Book constituents of the Financials faculty, every bit good as the Job Costing and Inventory faculties on a existent clip footing. Collectible accounts- : Merely as we have receivable histories to enter the income so besides a record should be maintained for the outgoing payments that are to be made. With the Histories Collectible constituent of the Prism Financials faculty you ‘ll accomplish efficiencies throughout your bill and payment procedure. By hive awaying all your provider information, minutess and balances, and supplying elaborate analysis of your purchases, Accounts Payable will turn out an priceless tool within your histories section. Staff can automatically make payment tallies and print computerised cheques and remittals, in add-on to leting multiple currencies by creditor. Extensive graphical coverage on all disbursals incurred provides direction with critical determination doing information. Taxation- : Calculation of revenue enhancements ( gross revenues and purchases ) and coverage of the same is easy done utilizing SAP. Income-tax disbursal comprises current revenue enhancement disbursal computed in conformity with the relevant commissariats of the Income revenue enhancement Act, 1961 and deferred revenue enhancement charge or recognition. Deferred revenue enhancement charge or recognition and the corresponding deferred revenue enhancement liability or plus is recognised for clocking differences between the net incomes / losingss offered for income revenue enhancements and net incomes / losingss as per the fiscal statements. Deferred revenue enhancement assets and liabilities are measured utilizing the revenue enhancement rates and revenue enhancement Torahs that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the balance sheet day of the month. Entertainment revenue enhancement is besides levied as a signifier of revenue enhancement. Accrual accounting- : Accrual means entering gross or cost every bit shortly as they are earned and non wait for the clip when they would be settled. SAP helps in pull offing collectible and receivable histories harmonizing to accrual accounting.Benifits to Reliance MediaworksThe operating costs have reduced and the efficiency has been increased thereby increasing the entrance royalties. The dealing and communicating charges have gone down drastically thereby increasing the net income borders for the company. The cost of integrating with finance and accounting direction has cut downing and has resulted in incremental gross for the company. Replacing manual accounting with the new system has improved the transparence and simpleness of pull offing histories. Version: SAP Crystal Reports Editions: SAP Crystal Reports comes in a individual edition that is the feature equivalent of the old Developer Edition. SAP Crystal Reports Dashboard Design bundle is a soft package of SAP Crystal Reports and SAP Crystal Dashboard Desing ( once known as Xcelsius Engage ) . Datas beginnings: Native, ODBC, OLE DB, and JDBC connectivity to relational, OLAP, web services, XML, and enterprise informations beginnings, and new salesforce.com driver. License theoretical account: Licensed per named user Languages: English, Gallic, German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese ( Brazilian ) , Dutch, Swedish, Russian, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Polish, Norwegian, Thai, Czech, and FinnishSystem RequirementsDisk infinite: 300 MB available difficult thrust infinite, 600 MB recommended with SAP Crystal Reports, version for Ocular Studio.NET Operating systems: Microsoft Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows XP with Service Pack ( SP ) 2, Windows Server 2003 with SP1, or subsequently Integrated development environments: SAP Crystal Reports, version for Ocular Studio 2008, 2005, and 2003 Brassy Support: Embedded Flash objects can be viewed with the.NET Winform spectator, .Net Webform spectator, Java DHTML spectator, SAP Crystal Reports spectator, and exported PDF files.